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Many other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits using Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or reputable individuals. Scientology Perth. Though it has obtained some reliability as a faith in lots of countries, Scientology has also been referred to as both a cult and a commercial business.
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For example, it has actually been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game people it views as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be perceived as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. Church of Scientology Perth In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in a web poll run by the presidential shift team getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and committed one of the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these next page activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe try this from their sleuthing and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in attending to those it sees as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb threats in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.